Diabetes

Diabetes is a lack of balance in the carbohydrates metabolism characterized through a high level of glycemie ( hyperglycaemia ) and the presence of sugar in blood.Is caused by the inability of the body to metabolise sugar correctly. Sugar metabolism is the responsibility of the hormone insulin, which is secreted by pancreas. Diabetes appears when there is an unsuitable production of insulin or an unsuitable usement of insulin by the cells.

The most of diabetics cases divided in two categories:

1. The insulino - dependent diabetics, named the type 1 of diabetes or the attack of the juvenile diabetes .
2. The type 2 of non insulino - dependent

Heredity seems to play a role in the appearance of diabetes type 1 and type 2. In the first case, the beta cells of pancreas are destroyed. This destruction can be caused by: the immunitary system of the body, a high susceptibility of the beta cells at the viruses, the degradation of the beta cells.

The diabetes of type 1 appears generally in childhood or at young teenagen. This leads to an almost totally deficit of insulin and the daily infections with insulin are necessary for keeping the illness under control.

In the type two of diabetes the attack of the illness is more gradually and the causes are much more harder to established.

This is characterized with any of the next 3 principal metabolical troubles:

1. Low or affected insulin secretion
2. Low insulin activity in the proper insulin tissues , included in muscles
3. Exessive liver secretion of glucose

The fatness has an important role in the development of the type 2 of diabetes. Once with the obesity, the beta cells of the pancreas become often less receptive at the stimulations of the high concentration of sugar in blood.

Health problems associated with diabetes

Important risks of healthness are associated with diabetes. People with this illness have a death rate relative raised.

Diabetes makes that a person has a raised risk to:

1. Coronary arteries diseases
2. Cerebrovascular illness
3. High blood pressure
4. Peripherical vascular illness
5. Renal troubles
6. Ocular troubles included blindness

Along the 80 's, the investigators have made an important connection through the cardiovascular illness, high blood pressure, obesity and the diabetes of type 2. The high insulin level and insulin resistence seems to be an important step of connection with these troubles, possible by the stimulation of nervous system.

The general treatment of diabetes

The most important way of treatment is to administrate insuline, food diet and physical exercises. Not all the pacients needs insulin, but those who need it, the dosation is fit, to permit a normal metabolization of the carbohydrates and proteins.

A food diet well balanced is prescripted to persons with diabetes. In the past pacients were advised to go on a diet almost without carbohydrates for maintaining the insulin level. Anyway, a food diet lacking in carbohydrates needs a rise of the contribution of the fat in nourishment which can have a principal, negative effect on the fat level in blood. Because persons with diabetes have a raised risk at coronary diseases, this thing isn't recommended.

Keeping a proper blood-sugar level at over -weight people is difficult, so, it's necessary to reduce the quatity of calories consumed in order to lose weight. For many people with type 2 diabetes, losing weight can decrease the level of glycaemia within normal limits. This can be the most important aspect of the treatment plan for over -weight or obese people with diabetes.

Physical activity role

Although there is no conclusive evidence to prove that an active lifestyle prevents diabets, most people accept the fact that physical activity is a part of the treatment plan.

The role of regular exercise in adjusting the level of glycaemia at patients with type 1 diabetes wasn' t well defined and is controversial. The most important characteristic that differentiates type 1 diabetes from type 2 is that people with type1 diabetes have a low insulin level because of the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin. The people with type 1 diabetes are bended to hypoglycaemia in the period and after the exercise because the liver can not liberate the glucose at a level that can maintain its utilization. In this kind of people, exercise can lead to an excessive variation of the glucose level in plasma which is unacceptable for the supervision of illness. The glycaemia control degree during exercise varies a lot among patients with type 1 diabetes.

As a conclusion, we could say that exercise and effort can improve the glycemic control for some patients, especially for those who are less hypoglycemic, but not others.

Although usually the glycemic control isn't improved at patients with type 1 diabetes, there are other potential benefits of physical exercise for these patients. Because these patients have a two or three times larger risk for coronary disease, physical exercise could be an important help in reduceing these risks. The same argument can be brought in reduceing the risk of cerebrovascular and peripheral arteries diseases. People with type 1 diabetes into an uncomplicated phase don 't have restrictions in physical activity, because the glycaemia level is controlled properly. Tracking the blood-sugar level in a physically active person with type 1 diabetes is important because the diet dosage is to be modifyied consequently.

Special attention should also be given to the feet of people suffering from diabetes. Peripheral vascular diseases are also more common in people with diabetes, so, the circulation to the extremities and specially to the legs is often affected significantly. Bleendings or other legs injuries justity more than half of the hospitalizations of people with diabetes. Because tolerating weight losing exercise brings another stress to the feet, correctly choosing shoes and preventively taking care of the feet is important.

In type 2 diabetes, exercise have a principal role in the glycemic control. Because the cells become resistant to insulin, the hormone doesn' t carry out the function of making easier the glucose transport along the cell membrane.The cell membrane permeability is increased during muscle contractions possibly due to an increased number of glucose transports associated with the plasma membrane. So, intense exercise reduces the insulin resistance and increases the insulin sensibility.